You may download Visual Studio Community here. This is the simplest program you can write in C. Now, give your project a name by typing a name in the Name TextBox. I name my project, HelloCSharp. Click OK button to create the project.
This action creates a console app. Double click on Program. Now type the following code. WriteLine "Hello, C World! The action compiles and runs your code by creating a HelloCSharp. As you can see in Figure 5, HelloCSharp.
Output looks like this, Well done! C Types C is a strongly typed language. Types in C can be divided into two categories — built-in types and custom types. Built-in types are bool, byte, sbyte, char, decimal, double, float, int, uint, long, ulong, object, short, ushort, and string.
The following code in is example of how to declare variables, assign values to them, and use them. Value and Reference Types C supports value and reference types.
A value type variable contains the actual data within its own memory allocation. Value types derived from System.
There are two categories of value types, structs and enum. A reference type is a reference to a memory location where the actual data is stored. The main reference types are class, array, interface, delegate, and event. A null value is assigned to a reference type by default. A type assigned to a null value means the absence of an instance of that type. C Structs A struct type is a value type that is typically used to encapsulate a group of variables that are similar.
A struct type can declare constructors, constants, fields, methods, properties, indexers, operators, and nested types. The following code is an example of use of a struct Book uses a record for a book with four members, Title, Author, Price, and Year. The Main program creates an object of Book struct, set its member values, and print the values.
WriteLine "Struct Sample! C Enums Enums in C are used to represent a set of constants as integral values. For example, to represent a week day, we know there are only seven days in a week. Here are some common examples of struct types. C Class Classes are the foundation of an object-oriented programming language such as C. A class is a logical unit of data.
Classes have members such as properties, fields, methods, and events. The following code is a Person class with three private members, name, age, and sex. The class also has three public properties. We will discuss private and public properties shortly. The following code snippet sets the values of Name, Age, and Sex properties of object p.
Name, p. Age, p. Sex ; 9. Class Access Modifiers Access modifiers are accessibility levels of types and type members and set rules how a type and its members can be used within the type, current assembly, and other assemblies.
The following table describes class or struct member accessibility type and their scopes. Access Modifier Scope public The type or members can be accessed by the code in the same assembly or assemblies that reference it. C Field A field member is a variable of a class or struct. A field can be public, private, protected, internal, or protected internal.
Fields in a class can have different accessibility levels. In the following code, fields name, age, and sex are private fields. That means they can only be accessed within the same class only. Public fields can be accessed from anywhere.
Protected fields can be accessed within the Person class and any classes derived from it. This means the field can only be assigned in the declaration or in the constructor of the class. If the field is not static, you have to access fields from the class instance.
The code snippet in Listing 20 creates an instance of the Person class and sets the value of Year field. A field can also be static. That means, the fields can be available to the code without creating an instance of a class. A static field is declared using the static keyword and a readonly field is declared using the readonly keyword.
These both keywords can be combined to declare a readonly static field. The following code snippet declares a readonly static variable. Learn more here: Fields and Properties in C C Constructor Constructors are responsible for creating an instance of a class or struct.
Constructors are methods with the same name as a class or struct and must be called to create an instance of a class or struct. The constructor is called using the new operator. A class or struct can have one or more than one constructor.
A constructor does not have a return type. Property members expose private fields through special methods called accessor. The get accessor is used to return the property value and the set accessor is used to assign a new value to the property. The private fields are exposed to the external programs through public properties, Name, Age, and Sex. Once the properties are set, the actual values of the properties actually copied inside the object.
The following code reads the properties values and prints them on the console. Sex ; Console. C Method A method member of a class is a block of code that performs a specific task. A method signature is a combination of an access modifier followed by an additional modifier, return type, method name, and method parameters. A typical method signature looks like the following, where a public method returns a bool value and takes two parameters.
Method can also take arguments and also return multiple values. The method SayHello does not return a value. The final Person class looks like the following. The following code creates an instance of Person class, sets its Name property, and calls SayHello method. SayHello ; Console. The passed data may be used for processing, business logic, and decision making.
The last portion of a method signature is a list of method parameters that are passed by the caller program. A method defines the type and name of parameters. Multiple parameters are separated by commas.
Here is a method that takes three parameters and returns a value. CalculateSalary , 50, ; Console. In this book, you learn how to write and compile C programs, understand C syntaxes, data types, control flow, classes and their members, interfaces, arrays, and exception handling. After completing this tutorial, you should have a clear understanding of the purpose of C language, it's usages, and how to write C programs.
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